The penis gets a great deal of attention for several reasons:

• It is the most obvious sex organ because it extends out from the body.

• It gets handled often. Every time a boy or man urinates, he handles his penis. The penis is the organ through which urine passes out of the bodies of boys and men.

• The penis is the most sexually sensitive organ in boys and men. From the first moments of sexual excitement, the penis begins to enlarge and stiffen—become erect.

At the height of sexual excitement in adolescent and adult men, a fluid called semen spurts out of the penis.

The penis has two parts: the shaft and the glans. The shaft is the largest part of the penis. It is shaped like a tube. At one end, it is connected to the body; at the other end is the glans— sometimes called the head or tip of the penis. The glans is made up of softer, fleshier tissue than the shaft. It is highly sensitive and can be a source of sexual pleasure. It is equivalent to the clitoris of a woman. There is a small opening at the tip of the glans called the urethral opening. Urine and semen pass out of the man’s body through this opening. The sensitive area of skin that attaches the underside of the glans to the foreskin is called the frenulum.

At birth, all penises have a loose tube of skin called the foreskin that covers the glans. The foreskin protects the glans. Shortly after birth, the foreskin is removed from the penises of some boys. The operation to remove the foreskin is called circumcision. A penis that has no foreskin is called a circumcised penis, and one that has not had the foreskin removed is called uncircumcised.

Circumcision was popularized in the United States during the early part of this century in a misguided effort to decrease masturbation among boys. Religious and cultural beliefs and hygienic concerns are the reasons that parents now have their sons circumcised. The other common reason for circumcision today is that fathers want their sons to look like them.

The foreskin can easily be pulled back to allow a boy or man to urinate or clean himself. It is important to clean under the foreskin; otherwise, smegma forms. Smegma is a sticky, white substance that often has an unpleasant smell. It is formed by oils produced by the body and bacteria that feed on the oil. Proper cleaning of the glans and shaft of the penis is important.

The inside of the penis is made up of the urethra and two tissues called the corpus spongiosum and the corpus cavernosa.

The urethra is a very versatile structure within the penis. It is involved with both functions of the penis—urination and ejaculation. It is a long tube that passes from the bladder, through the center of the penis, to the urethral opening. Urine flows from the bladder through the urethra during urination. The male urethra is also connected to the reproductive system. It carries semen through the penis. The spurting of semen from the urethra is called ejaculation.

The shaft of the penis is formed of tissue called the corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa. These tissues form caverns and spongy areas. Normally, blood passes through these tissues and around the caverns and spongy areas, which remain empty. During sexual excitement, however, tiny muscles in the tissue relax and open, allowing the caverns and spongy areas to fill up with blood. As these tissues fill with blood, the penis becomes “tumescent.” It gets longer and thicker and becomes less flexible and more stiff. This is called an erection.

When sexual stimulation ends, the muscles close off the emptied caverns from the bloodstream, the erection ends, and the penis softens into its normal flaccid state.

Boys and men are often concerned about the size and shape of their penises. There is no standard penis size, shape, or length. Some are fat and short. Others are long and thin. There is no truth to the idea that a bigger penis is a better penis.

Size has little to do with any reproductive or sexual function. It is true that some people prefer that their partners have a certain size penis. Preferences for penis size can be compared to preferences about height—there are just about as many people who want tall lovers as want short lovers.

*43/155/5*

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