The scrotum is the bag of skin that sits below the penis and contains the testicles, the epididymis, the vas deferens (spermatic cords), and blood vessels that lead to the testicles. The skin is normally loose and wrinkled, and sparsely covered with hair.

Testicles

The two testicles, which are located inside the scrotum, are the structures that make sperm and testosterone. (Testosterone is the hormone primarily responsible for the development of male physical characteristics.) The testicles sit away from the body to keep them below body temperature (the lower temperature is required for the production of sperm). The testicles should feel smooth to the touch and have the consistency of a hard-boiled egg. They vary in size, from the size of a large grape to the size of an egg. Normally, most men have one testicle that hangs lower than the other.

When a male infant is in the womb, the testicles start out in the pelvic area and descend into the scrotal sac. Sometimes one or both testicles do not descend; they remain in the pelvis and are not visible from the outside. This condition must be surgically corrected, since an undescended testicle is a risk for developing testicular cancer.

Every month all men should do a self-examination of the testicles, feeling for any bumps or irregularities on them, which can be a sign of testicular cancer. The testicles can be a site of infection, called orchitis, which can be caused by mumps in men who were not adequately immunized or (rarely) by sexually transmitted infections or other viruses.

The area above the testicles feels like cords of string. This area contains the epididymis, which stores sperm; the vas deferens, which carry sperm into the urethra during ejaculation,- and blood vessels going to and from the testicles.

Epididymis

The epididymis is a collection of coiled tubes, the main purpose of which is storing sperm and providing a place for the sperm to mature. The tubes also carry sperm from the testicles to the vas deferens, which carry the sperm into the urethra. Sperm move slowly and mature as they travel through the epididymis. The epididymis can become infected with sexually transmitted bacteria (such as gonorrhea and chlamydia) or nonsexually transmitted bacteria. Infection of the epididymis is called epididymitis.

Vas Deferens

The vas deferens are straight, hollow tubes that carry the sperm from each epididymis to the urethra as it travels though the prostate. These are the tubes that are cut in the sterilization procedure for men called vasectomy.

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